ìàøùéå úéøáä
úåöøàá úåçéçö
úåò÷ø÷
úåò÷ø÷ ïåéîì
úåëøòî
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úåéúåëàìî
ïä äìàëùëå úéããä
úåøù÷úäì òééñì
úðî ìò åøöåð
úåò÷ø÷ ïåéî
úåëøòî
úîé÷ä äéèää
úà åëéùîä êà
ãçî äáøä úåáëøåîä
úà åèùéô äìà
úåëøòî .úåìáâåîå
ïåéî úåëøòî
é"ò úåøàåúî
úåò÷ø÷ .àì
åà éðåéâä ñéñá
ìò åéä íà ïéá
,êãéàî íìåòá
,íéàì÷çì
.("? ò÷ø÷ úàæ
äî" äàø) äîöò
ò÷ø÷ä úøãâä
àåä ïåùàøä
ïåéøèéø÷ä
,úåáø
ãçà íãà øåáò
ò÷ø÷ .íäéëøö
éô ìò úåðåù
úåøãâä ùé íéøçàå
íéâåìåàéâ
,íéñãðäî
.øçà íãà øåáò
ääæ äéäúù äçéèáî
äððéà
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,(úåéîå÷î) éîå÷î
øåàú ìò íéññåáîä
äìà :íéâåñ éðùì
ïåéîä úåëøòî
úà âååñì ïúéð
,äëåøà äéøåèñéä
úåìòá ïä úåéîå÷îä
úåëøòîä .(úåéòãî)
éòãî øåàú
ìò íéññåáîä
äìàå
úåò÷ø÷ .("úåçéçö
úåò÷ø÷ ìù
äéøåèñéää"
äàø ) úéåùëò
úåçúôúä ïðä
úåéòãîäù ãåòá
úåçéçöì íà
.("úåçéçö úåò÷ø÷
ïåéî" äàø) äçéçö
äáéáñá åçúôúäù
úåò÷ø÷ ïä úåçéçö
íå÷î úåçéçö
úåò÷ø÷ì éæà
,úåò÷ø÷ì ïåéî
úåëøòî çåúéôì
øåù÷ øùà ìëá
úåáéùç ùé
.úéòãî åà úéîå÷î
äøãâä ìò úññåáî
úëøòîä íà ïéá
,åæ úëøòîá áåùç
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úåéîå÷î ïåéî
úåëøòî
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úåëøòî ìù
äðáîä .úåò÷ø÷á
íéùîúùî øùà
íéùðàä é"ò
åçúôúä úåéîå÷î
ïåéî úåëøòî
ò÷ø÷ä úà íéðëî
åá íéøåàúá
ùåîù åà ,óåðå
ò÷ø÷ ìëì íù
úéð÷ä é"ò åà
ïä åìà ïåéî
é"ò éåäéæì
úåðúéð úåò÷ø÷
.éìåç åà ïîù
,íç ,íåãà òáö
:ïåâë äéúåðåëú
ñéñá ìò
,('åëå óåðä íå÷éî
,äøåèñ÷è ,òáö)
ò÷ø÷á úåéì÷éæéô
úåòôåú :ïåâë
íéøåøá íéðééôàî
ìò áåøì íéññåáî
åìà íéøåàú
.úéååìð äéçîöå
(äôöäå øåöéé
úìåëé) ò÷ø÷ä
ãå÷ôú
÷ø ,éòãîä ïåéîì
åìà íéøåàúá
ùåîéù äùòð
àì øáòá .ò÷ø÷ä
÷ùîîì úåáéùç
éìòá úåðåëú
íãàì ùîùì
úåìåëé úåéîå÷î
úåëøòî .íúåà
ãòúì åìçä íéâåìåôåøúðàå
íéôøâåàéâ
äðåøçàì
éàì÷ç ìåäéðì
úåñçéúäá ø÷éòá
,íééîå÷îä ò÷ø÷ä
éùîúùî íò
úøåù÷úì äôù
ïéòî éðåöéç
ìåäéð øåáò
éòãîå éðëè
òãéî ,óñåðá
÷ôñì úåìåëé
úåéîå÷î úåëøòî
.íéòåá÷ íéáàùîå
.íééîå÷î íéáàùî
ìù çåúéôå ìåäéðá
áø óñåî êøò
íäì øùà íééòáè
íéáàùî úåëøòî
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ñçéúîå William &
Ortis Solorio é"ò ùøùåä
,(úéðúàä ò÷ø÷ä
úøåú) éâåìåãôåðúà
çðåîä
úåëøòîä úà
ãòúì ìçä H.C. Conklin
âåìåôåøúðàä
.úåéîå÷îä ïåéîä
úåëøòî ãåîéìì
úèéñøáéðåàá
,úåçéçö úåò÷ø÷
éãåîéìì ä÷ìçîä
ìù íéø÷çî
.1950 úðùî úåéîå÷îä
áø òãéî ïëåúá
ìåìëì úåìåëé
íéçéçö íéøåæàá
úåéîå÷î ïåéî
úåëøòî éë åàøä
,äðåæéøà
úåéåùò ïéôåìéçì
åà ,(äéðèéøåàîá
ìåàô úëøòî
:ïåâë) úåéòãîä
ïåéîä úåëøòîì
äàååùäá
éë úåðòåè
øùà úéãåòñä
áøòá úåéàåãá
úåëøòî :ïåâë)
êøò ìòá éò÷ø÷
òãéî àìì úåéäì
äéðøåôéì÷á
,äöçîì çéçöä
øåæàá .(íäééç
çøåà ìò òéôùîä
áéëøî äðéà
ò÷ø÷ä úåðåù
ìù äìåçëä
úéñøçä" äðåëîä
ãáìá úçà ò÷ø÷
âåñ äøéãâî
åáéìî ìù úéîå÷îä
úëøòîä
úåéòá úåá÷òá
ãøåé äëøòå
äéðáå çåúéô
éëéìäú íéìáâåî
åæ ò÷ø÷á .Malibu
blue clay "åáéìî
.úåøåîç æå÷éð
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úåéòãîä úåëøòîä
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åà ò÷ø÷ä
úåçúôúä éëéìäú
ìò úåññáúîä
åìà :íéâåñ
éðùì úå÷ìçð
åìà úåëøòî
íéáø íéðééôàî
ùé úåáø úåëøòîì
.íééúåîë íéðééôàî
ìò úåññáúîä
åìàå äúåøöååéä
ìåëé åìà úåëøòî
ìù äðáîä .íéãéçà
åìà úåëøòî
éô ìò ïåéîì
íéðåéøèéø÷ä
.íéâåñä éðùî
òãéî øùàë
.úåéèèñ ïðéà
åìà ïåéî úåëøòî
,óñåðá .éøôñî
åà éøåàéú
,éëøøéä úåéäì
ìù ïåéî úåëøòîá
íéùåòù éôë
äðùéä ïåéîä
úëøòîá âååéñä
úà íéðùî ,óñååúî
ùãç
úìåëé øùôàúúù
éãë úåò÷ø÷ä
âååéñ ìù øåàú
óéñåäì íâ ùé
åììä íééåðéùì
.úåéçå íéçîö
.úåøçà ïåéî
úåëøòî ïéá
íéàúäì
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úåáéùç úåìòá
úåàøðù úåðåëúì
éë çéèáäì íéëéøö
ïåéîä úåëøòî
ìù íéçúôîä
,ììëë
úåéòãîä úåëøòîä
.úìòåú åðîî
÷éôäì ïúéð
äéäéù éãë ÷éôñî
øö äøãâä ìåáâ
ùé ïåéîì
êà ïåéîä êéìäúá
úåéøùôà úåò÷ø÷
ìù íîåé÷ ìåìùì
éãë úåéùåîéù
,úåéëøøéää
ø÷éòáå
øáòî ò÷ø÷á
ùåîéùå ìåäðì
úåöìîä øùôàì
éãë èøåôî ò÷ø÷
øåàú ùøãð úàæ
íò ãçé
.ïåéîì
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ò÷ø÷ úåðåëú
ãöéë øéáñéù
êë çúåô úåò÷ø÷ä
ïåéî úëøòî
úññáúî åéìò
êéìäúä
íéì÷éñéô
,íéâåìåéá íéëéìäú
áëò úåøåøá
úåáëù úøöåé
ò÷ø÷ .ïîæä íò
íéðúùî äúòôåäå
úðúéð íé÷ôåàä
úøéöé .íé÷ôåà
íéðåëî äìà
íéøåæà .øîåç
ãáåà åà øáèöî
íäáù íééîéëå
åæ äçðä .íéòåá÷
íéøàùð íéøçà
ò÷ø÷ éøöåé
íéëéìäúå íéì÷àäù
ïîæ ìë äëøòäì
øùà úåçéçö
úåò÷ø÷á úåðãä
åìà ø÷éòá
,ïåéî úåëøòî
ìù íéðåù íéâåñ
øåáò äéòá úøöåé
äúåà øåáò
ãçà âååéñî
øúåé ìá÷ì
úåøùôà äðùé
.íéçì íéàðú
úçú é÷ìç ïôåàá
úåçúôúî
çðæ USDA-ä ,úåøçàå
åæ äéòá ìùá
.íéñçéúî ò÷ø÷ä
úåøöååéä êéìäú
äæéàì éåìú
,ò÷ø÷
Soil Taxonomy äðåëîä ïåéîä
úëøòî úà çúéôå
ò÷ø÷ä úåøöåéäì
úñçéúîä úëøòîä
úà
äáéñäå äîåã
úëøòîá íéùîúùî
íéñãðäî íâ
.íééúåîë úåðåëúå
íéðééôàî ìù
úññåáî øùà
.äøåøá êëì
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ò÷ø÷ä í÷øî
.úåðåùä ïåéîä
úåèéù øåáò
íéîåã çøëäá
íðéà ò÷ø÷ âååéñì
íéðåéøèéø÷ä
úåëøòî éúù
ïéá ò÷ø÷ âååéñ
íéàúäì íéñðî
øùàë úåøöåð
øùà úåéòáì
äáåè àîâåã
àåä
øåáò .ò÷ø÷á
íé÷öåîä íé÷é÷ìçä
ìù éñçéä ìãåâä
éòè÷î úà øàúî
í÷øîä .úåðåù
ïåéî
íâ .íéùîúùî
ïåéî úèéù äæéàá
éåìú ,äðåù úåéäì
äìåëé í÷øî
ìù úéîù äøãâä
,úçà ò÷ø÷
ïåéîä úåëøòîá
"éúéñøç ìåç"
äøãâäá ìùîì
åîë íéðåù ïåéîä
úåìåáâ ,íéäæ
úåîùä íà
ìãåâ é"ôò
âååéñì íéñçéúî
øùàë úøáåâ
äéòáä .úéúôøöä
úëøòîä úîåòì
USDA-ä ìù
òéôåî úåøçàá
åìéàå î"î <0.002
øèå÷ ìòá ÷é÷ìçë
úøãâåî úéñøç
:àîâåãì .÷é÷ìçä
,íéì÷éñéô
íéðéôàî :ïåâë
íéôñåð íéðééôàîì
.î"î <0.005 ìù øèå÷
ìòá ÷é÷ìçë
úøùôàî äððéà
åæ äãáåò .úåðåùä
úåëøòîä ïéá
éâååéñ ïåéîã
ïéà ,íéâåìåéáå
íéì÷éîéë
.ò÷ø÷ä ìù èøåôî
øåàú óñååúî
íà àìà úåëøòîä
ïéá ãçàì ãçà
ìù äîàúä
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é÷åç .úåðåøñçå
úåðåøúé ùé
úåéøôñîä åà
úåéøåàúä ,úåéëøøéää
ïåéîä úåëøòî
ìëì
äòéãé àìì
âååéñä ìù ääåáâäå
äëåîðä äîøä
úà øéãâäì íéøùôàî
úéëëøéää úëøòîä
(Typic Haplargid úáøåòî
,úéñøç úéìåñ
:àîâåãì) ,ïåéîä
úàöåú .éøùôàä
ïåéîä ìù úîã÷åî
÷ùîîá úåøåù÷ä
úåèìçäá úéùåîéù
úåéäìî ãåàî
ä÷åçø ,áø òãéî
ú÷ôñî øùà
äìà øùàî íéøçà
íéçèùá íúåà
íéìéòôî øùàë
íéìãáä ùé
åìà úåëøòîá
,ïë åîë .ò÷ø÷ä
êåîð íééôéìç
íéðåéè÷ ìåáé÷
ùé ä÷éøôà áøòîî
úéìåç ò÷ø÷ì
,àîâåãì .åçúåô
íä íäá
æåçàá íéìãáäì
íåøâì äéåùò
éùàøä ïåéè÷ä
âåñ ìù ãáìá
äèòî äòéøâ
åà úôñåú .ãåàî
äéëøéøää)
Ultisol íå÷îá Alfisol :ò÷ø÷ä
ìù äðåù äøãâäì
ïëìå íéñéñáä
úéååø
.(USDA-ä éôì øúåéá
äëåîðä
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ìù ïåéî úåëøòî
:àîâåãì .íééãåçé
íéëøö øåáò
úåçúåôî áåøì
úåéøåàú ïåéî
úåëøòî
íéðééôàîä
úà âéöäì úðî
ìò úåðè÷ úåéúåà
úîåòì úåìåãâ
úåéúåàá ùåîéù
éãé ìò úéìâðàá
úåâååñî ò÷ø÷ä
úåéøåô
,úåàöîúäì
úåì÷ ãåàî úåèåùô
åìà úåëøòî
.íéîéåñî íéìåáé
ìù úåéøåôä
÷ùîîì íéáåùçä
.ìáâåî êøò
úåìòá êà
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úéñãðäå úéòãî
øåàú úåìåëé
úåìòá êà úåéîå÷îä
úåëøòîì ãåàî
úåîåã úåéîùä
úåëøòîä
ìåäéð úåèìçä
òåöéáì òééñì
éåùò øùà åéã
èøåôî òãéî
÷ôñì úåìåëé
åìà úåëøòî
.øúåé äáåè
äîéùî àéä
åæ úëøòî úåòöîàá
úåò÷ø÷ øôñî
ìù äàååùä .úéîå÷î
äîøá ÷øå êà
úåéñéñá
äîéã÷î øùà
úéøôñî úëøòîì
àîâåã àéä USDA-ä
úëøòîá ò÷ø÷ä
úåøãñ .ìèð úáø
ãçàì íéàúéù
éåðéù øáåò
úåò÷ø÷ úøãñ
ìù ïåéî .Soil Taxonomy ïåéîä
úëøòî úà
-ä úëøòî ìù
áåìéù .úéëøøéää
úëøòîì øù÷ä
øîùéù êåú Soil
Taxonomy-ä éâååéñî
í÷ùîî ìåäéðå
äðáä ,éåäéæì
çåë áø éìë íéðúåð
ò÷ø÷ä úøãñ
úëøòîå Soil Taxonomy
úåðéãîá ÷úòåî
úåéäì ìåëé
úåéøôñî úåëøòîå
úåéëøøéä úåëøòî
ìù áåìéùä .úåò÷ø÷
ìù
.úåîé÷ úåéîå÷î
úåëøòîá ùåîéù
é"ò úåçúôúî
úåöøàá ãçåéîáå
úåøçà
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äçéçöä ò÷ø÷ä
úàîâåãì ñçéúð
,äæì äæ øåù÷
ìéòì øîàðä
ìë ãöéë íéâãäì
úðî ìò
úøãñë 1910 úåðùá-USDA
ä é"ò äúðåë øùà
(éîå÷î íù) "Malibu
blue clay" åáéìîî
Grumusol-ë äâååñå
(äðùé úéîù ïåéî
úëøòî) Diablo ò÷ø÷
úåòöîàá) äðúùä
Diablo ò÷ø÷ä úøãñ
ìù øåàúä ,æàî
.(äðùé úéëøøä
ïåéî úëøòî)
úéèéè÷îñ
,úåðéãòä úåò÷ø÷ä
úçôùî :ùãç
âååéñ ìá÷úðå
(äùãçä úéîùä
ïåéîä úëøòî
.(úéåùëò úéëøøéä
ïåéî úëøòî)
(Aridic Haploxererts) ìù úåîçäå
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:ìàøùéá ïåéîä
úëøòî
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.õéáå÷éáø
éô ìò ïåéîä
úëøòî
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.(íéáø íéùîúùî
éãé ìò úôãòåî)
ïåìòé ïãå ïã
ìàåé éô ìò
ïåéîä úëøòî
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.USDA-ä éôì ïåéîä
úëøòî
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Partial List of Soil Classification Systems
US systems
- USDA Keys to Soil
Taxonomy is a hierarchical system and used almost exclusively in
the US for agricultural, biological, and geological studies. It has
been applied throughout the world (Soil Survey Staff, 2003).
- USDA Soil
Series is a nominal system of soils of the US.
- AASHTO System is used mostly by state and county highway departments
(AASHTO, 1978).
- FAA Classification is used by airfield designers (FAA, 1967).
- Unified Classification is preferred by most geotechnical engineers
that specializing in earth dams and foundation engineering (US Army,
1967).
- Abandon US systems occur in older literature (Marbut, 1935, Baldwin
et al. 1938, Thorp and Smith, 1949).
French systems
The French systems have been widely used in former colonies and current
territories.
- French Soil Reference System (Référentiel pédologique
français) is hierarchical based on soil formation processes and
morphology (Duchaufour, 1988).
- 1967 Soil Classification is also hierarchical based on soil formation
processes and morphology (Finkl, 1982, p. 215-24; CPCS, 1967)
Originally developed as a legend to its soils map of the world it has
been applied throughout the world by United Nations sponsored projects
and soil classifiers trained to use this system. Many countries have modified
this system to fit their particular needs.
Others
- Australian systems: (Finkl, 1982, pp. 295-301; Butler, 1980; Northcote,
1962)
- Brazilian systems: (Finkl, 1982, pp. 247-258; Costa de Lemos, 1968)
- British systems: (Finkl, 1982, pp. 225-39; Butler, 1980; Avery, 1973)
- Canadian systems: (Finkl, 1982, pp. 240-6; Butler, 1980; DSS, 1978)
- Dutch systems: (Finkl, 1982, pp. 259-69; Bakker & Schelling, 1966)
- German systems: (Finkl, 1982; pp. 277-94; Mückenhausen, 1965)
- Polar systems: Tedrow proposed classification of Polar Desert, Subpolar
Desert and Cold Desert soils (Finkl, 1982, pp. 324-6).
- Russian systems: (Finkl, 1982, pp. 92-104; Butler, 1980; Basinski,
1959)
References
American Association of State Highways and Transportation (AASHTO) (1978).
Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of
sampling and testing. AASHTO Designation: M 145-73, 12th ed. Washington,
D.C.: AASHTO.
Avery, B.W. (1973). Soil classification in the soil survey of England
and Wales. Journal of Soil Science 24:324-38.
Bakker, H. de & J. Schelling (1966). Systeem van bodemclassificatie
voor Nederland: De hogere niveaus. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Center
for Agricultural Publications and Documentation. 217 p.
Baldwin, M., C.E. Kellogg, and J. Thorp (1938). Soil classification.
In Soils and men: Yearbook of agriculture. Washington D.C.: U.S.
Department of Agriculture. pp. 979-1001.
Basinski, J.J. (1959). The Russian approach to soil classification and
its recent development. Journal of Soil Science 10:14-26.
Butler, B.E. (1980). Soil classification for soil survey. Oxford:
Clarendon Press. 129 p.
Costa de Lemos, R. (1968). The main tropical soils of Brazil: Approaches
to soil classification. FAO World Soil Resources Report 32. Rome:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 95-106.
Commission de Pédologie et de Cartographie des Sols (CPCS) (1967).
Classification des sols. l'Institut national de la recherche agronomique
(INRA). Paris: Laboratoire de Géologie-Pédologie de l'ENSA.
Canada. Department of Supply and Services. (DSS) (1978). History of
soil classification in Canada. Canada Department Agriculture Publication;
no. 1646. Canada: DSS. 164 p.
Duchaufour, P. (1988). Pédologie. Paris: Masson. 224 pp.
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (1967). Airport Paving. Washington
D.C.: FAA.
Finkl, C.W. (1982). Soil classification. Stroudsburg, Penn.: Hutchinson
Ross Publishing Company. 391 p.
Jamangne, M. (1967). Bases et techniques d'une cartographie des sols.
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Text by Joe Tabor
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