A scanning electron microscope image shows the tiny, 1-millimeter-long bladders used to catch small organisms by Utricularia gibba, the humped bladderwort plant (color added). The submerged growing plant is a voracious carnivore, with its bladders leveraging vacuum pressure to suck in tiny prey at great speed. (Photo: Enrique Ibarra-Laclette and Claudia Anahí Pérez-Torres)

Genes – the bits of DNA that code for proteins – make up about 2 percent of the human genome. The rest consists of a genetic material known as noncoding DNA, and scientists have spent years puzzling over why this material exists in such voluminous quantities.

Now, a new study offers an unexpected insight: The large majority of noncoding DNA, which is abundant in many living things, may not actually be needed for complex life, according to an advance online publication in Nature.

The clues lie in the genome of the carnivorous bladderwort plant, Utricularia gibba.

The U. gibba genome is the smallest ever to be sequenced from a complex, multicellular plant. The researchers who deciphered the DNA say that 97 percent of the genome consists of genes and small pieces of DNA that control those genes.

It appears that the plant has been busy deleting noncoding DNA, sometimes also called "junk" DNA, from its genetic material over many generations, the scientists say. This may explain the difference between bladderworts and species with large amounts of noncoding DNA, like corn and tobacco – and humans.

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Youth give back to the camp and its natural surroundings through service learning projects, like building gabion dams to prevent soil erosion in the watershed. (Photo courtesy of Arizona 4-H Youth Development)

Camp isn't just for the kids anymore.

"I know when I go to camp I feel like a big kid," said Kristin Wisneski, senior program coordinator with Arizona Cooperative Extension, which oversees the James 4-H Camp and Outdoor Learning Center at Mingus Springs.

The camp, which is owned and operated by Arizona 4-H Youth Development through the University of Arizona College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, is set on 55 acres in the picturesque Mingus Mountains in the Prescott National Forest. This camp has it all – boating, swimming, fishing, hiking, softball, basketball, volleyball, horseshoes, orienteering and a challenge course, as well as hands-on learning opportunities.

James 4-H Camp provides an ideal setting for staff retreats and UA research projects, as well as a good, old-fashioned camp experience for kids. Located about 15 miles east of Prescott Valley, the camp is open from mid-April through mid-October, and fees are offered on a sliding scale.

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Verona, Italy (Photo Courtesy: UANews)

Made-from-scratch pasta, fresh mozzarella, whole-grain bread and savory olive oil – those are the kinds of items you might expect to see on a menu in a fine Italian restaurant, but on a University of Arizona science class syllabus? You can find them there, too, if you're among the lucky students taking part in the UA's new Mediterranean Diet and Health study abroad program.

 This week, 18 students will head to Verona, Italy as part of the inaugural program, which was created by Donato Romagnolo, professor in the department of nutritional sciences in the UA College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, to teach students about the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet. Students in the program have diverse academic backgrounds in disciplines including nutritional sciences, dietetics, public health, biology, physiology and more.

A native of Padova, Italy, Romagnolo wanted to create a study abroad program that would expose students to the traditional diet and lifestyle habits of his native country while emphasizing the link between nutrition and health.

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Guayule in the field at the Maricopa Agricultural Center. (Photo by Edwin Remsberg)

Twenty years ago, scientists at the University of Arizona began studying guayule, a small desert shrub farmed as a source of natural rubber.

The research helped one Arizona company commercialize guayule on a limited scale, producing a virtually allergy-free latex used in medical gloves.

Now, the UA is studying guayule - pronounced "why-YOU-lee") - again as the plant is poised for wide-scale commercialization, and tire makers and others look to address a projected shortage of natural rubber.

The UA recently was awarded a $3 million, five-year grant by Phoenix-based Yulex Corp. focused on breeding and developing guayule for the production of "biorubber" for medical, consumer and industrial applications.

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Aremy Téllez, UA-Yuma graduate (photo courtesy of the Yuma Sun)

Born and raised in Yuma, recent University of Arizona-Yuma graduate Aremy Téllez hopes to use her education to practice medicine in the local community.

The speaker for UA-Yuma's 2013 commencement, Téllez graduated with a bachelor's degree in family studies and human development as well as a minor in public health.

“I chose this program from the variety of degree options at UA-Yuma because it was related to my ambition to attend medical school. Although it may not seem like a traditional route to get to medical school, I looked into the courses and found that they would offer me a well-rounded education to understand my future patients in all aspects of life, whether physical, emotional or spiritual.

“The degree not only offered courses in human development, which apply directly to my pre-medical studies, but also offered education in family planning, problems in childhood and adolescence, issues in aging — overall, it offered me a chance to learn about and identify with each stage of life, so as to better prepare myself for my future as a physician. I am certain that this degree helped me learn skills necessary for what the medical profession calls bedside manner.”

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One team designed a counter-flow, diffusion extraction system for sweet sorghum. Pictured from left to right, top to bottom: Theresa Lau, Paulina Esquer (Mentor), Peter Livingston (Bosque Engineering project sponsor) Marianna Yanes, Kristen Currier, Charlie Defer (ABE instrument maker), Donald Slack (ABE interim department head). (Photo courtesy of the Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering)

Three student design teams from the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering took part in the University of Arizona’s 2013 Engineering Design Day on April 30.

Engineering Design Day is an annual event that gives students a chance to apply a classroom education to a project of their choosing that solves real world problems. A total of 300 engineering seniors competed with 63 projects.

The first team designed and built a portable hydroponics system for growing “Barley Fodder” and received the Ventana Medical Systems “Innovative Engineering Solutions” award for $1,000. This was one of three $1,000 awards offered this year.

The design team consisted of Paola Espinoza, Katie McCracken and Greg York. The system was designed to supplement the daily feeding of a herd of alpacas by rotating racks of pallets filled with grown barley. One set of pallets is harvested daily with minimal human interference.

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UA student Tyler Pearce, of Safford, works with Graham County Cooperative Extension Director Bill Brandau to install rainwater harvesting tanks at Discovery Park in Safford (courtesy of UANews)

The Arizona Cooperative Extension is offering student externships in community sustainability during the summer, with projects including community gardening and a farmers market.

University of Arizona students accepted into the program will work directly with extension station agents on sustainability projects in counties around the state.

"Our program was created with the idea of providing opportunities for University of Arizona students who are really interested in sustainability to get out of the University environment and work with our extension agents around the state," says Mark Apel, extension agent with the UA's Cooperative Extension in Cochise County.

In its third year, the externship program is seeking up to 11 students for eight projects in seven counties. Students need sophomore standing or above, and though the externship is paid, housing is not provided, so a connection to a rural community is preferred.

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Transgenic soybeans in the last stages of tissue culture.

University of Arizona plant scientists are studying a novel approach at halting the leading cause of death in premature infants, adding a particular protein to soybeans that can be used in formula as a preventative measure.

About 10 percent of infants in the United States are born premature and among the greatest risks those babies face is Necrotizing Entercolitis, or NEC, an infection and inflammation that causes destruction of the intestine. NEC affects about 10,000 babies a year in the country, and mortality rates are roughly 40 percent.

Awarded a $275,000 National Institutes of Health proof-of-concept grant, Eliot Herman and Monica Schmidt are working to genetically modify soybeans to produce epidermal growth factor, or EGF, a protein that occurs naturally in mother's milk. EGF has been shown to prevent premature infants from developing NEC.

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A pile of dirty dishes looms in the kitchen. It's your spouse's night to wash, but you know he or she has had a long day so you grab a sponge and step up to the plate. It's just one of the minor daily sacrifices you make in the name of love. But what if you had a long, stressful day, too?

A new study from the University of Arizona, forthcoming in the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, published by SAGE, suggests that while making sacrifices in a romantic relationship is generally a positive thing, doing so on days when you are feeling especially stressed may not be beneficial.

The study, led by Casey Totenhagen, a research scientist in the UA John & Doris Norton School of Family and Consumer Sciences, is featured in the journal's podcast series, Relationship Matters.

Participants in the study included 164 couples, married and unmarried, whose relationships ranged in length from six months to 44 years.

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Across the UA campus, Twitter has become an important teaching and research tool. (Image: Gopal Raju, productivedreams.com)

Forget the stereotype of the long-winded professor.

At the University of Arizona, professors and instructors are embracing Twitter – with its famously brief 140-character posts – to connect with their students, engage them in discussions, foster new interactions and help them leverage social media for successful careers.

"I like my students to really understand various social networking platforms like Facebook, YouTube, Reddit, Pinterest and Twitter, and how to make the most of them," said Sudha Ram, Anheuser-Busch Professor of Entrepreneurship and Management Information Systems in the UA's Eller College of Management, who teaches classes on Web and social media, analytics and business intelligence.

"I want to show them that even having just 140 characters to compose a tweet can be useful."

Ram is one of a growing number of UA professors and instructors exploring how Twitter can help them enhance their classroom teaching. In Ram's case, it seemed logical to incorporate them into her classes since her own research includes several social media platforms.

"If you want to understand the various social media platforms, the first thing you have to do is use them," she said.

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Keeping pace with the complex and ever changing physical, economic and social environment surrounding agriculture today can seem overwhelming for many land-grant universities that are dealing with the effects of a global economic recession. Global economic expansion alongside changing technologies, policies and demographics place dramatic demands on agricultural science and education. Shane Burgess, Vice Provost and Dean of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS) at the University of Arizona, believes in keeping his eyes on the future. In his strategic plan for the college he writes, "We have always known that we need to be where the world is going, not where it is today." But with hundreds of thousands of entities involved in the production and distribution of food and agricultural products, trying to predict where the world is going is more challenging than ever before.

University of Arizona's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences is ready and able to take on that challenge. Since its founding in 1885, U of A, like other land-grant universities, has had a powerful impact on the economy at both the state and national levels. Throughout the years, its contributions in academics, research and extensions (a channel for communicating new information to the marketplace) has made it an integral part of the regional community. While CALS strives to live up to its time-honored role of creating "new people and new knowledge for a new economy," current economic conditions have forced the college to reevaluate its strategy for accomplishing goals within new constraints.

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Spurge overruns a plant container at a Southwest nursery. (Photo courtesy of Kelly Young, University of Arizona Cooperative Extension)

Though the economy and housing market have begun to recover in the aftermath of the Great Recession, one unexpected impact still lingers. Landscape nurseries that saw fewer plant sales during the downturn are now battling weeds entrenched in unsold containers of perennials, shrubs and trees.

Some of the most common weeds battled by nurseries are in the spurge or Euphorbiaceae family, a group of low-growing plants that thrive in hot and sunny locations. Examples include sandmat and the spotted and prostrate spurges.

“The nursery owners I work with here in the Southwest say spurge is their number one pest problem and a real health hazard for their workers,” reports Kelly Young, a member of the Western Society of Weed Science and assistant agent for the University of Arizona Cooperative Extension.

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Photo by Edwin Remsberg

It is official: Arizona has its first documented case of herbicide resistance to a weed — Palmer amaranth — and the state’s cotton growers should implement production changes this season.

Bill McCloskey, University of Arizona Extension weed specialist, confirmed the first case of resistance of Palmer amaranth (pigweed), Amaranthus Palmeri, to the herbicide glyphosate (Roundup).

McCloskey made the conclusive finding after a series of UA greenhouse tests with pigweed seed conducted last fall in Tucson.

“I am not surprised that glyphosate resistance was found in Arizona,” McCloskey told a crowd of cotton growers gathered for a UA Extension agronomic workshop in Yuma, Ariz., in January.

“It was only a matter of when,” McCloskey said. “Glyphosate is the predominant weed-management strategy used by Arizona cotton growers year after year.”

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Robert F. Moran addresses the audience at Arizona Stadium. (Photo by Patrick McArdle/UANews)

Robert F. Moran, chairman and CEO of PetSmart, Inc., was awarded an honorary doctorate at UA’s 148th commencement ceremony on Friday evening. Moran, a long-time partner and collaborator with the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, has helped establish the PetSmart endowed chair and the PetSmart professor of practice positions in the Norton School of Family and Consumer Sciences. Through PetSmart gifts and partnerships, UA retailing, animal sciences and microbiology students have been introduced to training and career opportunities.

Shortly after being awarded his degree, Moran delivered the commencement address to more than 6,000 graduating students and their families and friends gathered at Arizona Stadium. The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences is proud to feature his speech, given May 10, 2013 in Tucson, Arizona.

UA Commencement Address, May 10, 2013
Robert F. Moran, chairman and CEO, PetSmart, Inc.

President Hart, Board of Regents, Faculty, Administration and Graduates—I want to start with a sincere and heartfelt thank you.

It's a big deal for a kid from the streets of Philly to be in this kind of company, speaking to you today.

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A Graham County youth with his heifer awaiting auction at the county fair. (Photo by Susan Pater)

Arizona county fairs generate $4 million in livestock sales, according to the 2011-12 Governor's Advisory Committee for the County Fairs Livestock and Agricultural Promotion Fund.

Most of that livestock is raised by youth who participate in the Arizona 4-H Youth Development Program, based in the University of Arizona College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.

More than 10,000 youth across Arizona, ages 9 to 19, raise goats, sheep, hogs, steers and other animals – then bring them to market at county fairs. In 2011-12, those livestock auctions grossed a total of $4.1 million. Statewide, county fairs also collected $2.2 million in paid attendance, according to the new report, authored in part by the UA's Kirk Astroth, director of the Arizona 4-H Youth Development Program and assistant dean of Cooperative Extension.

That's a total of $6 million generated from an investment of $1.2 million in funding from the Arizona Legislature.

Most of the youth selling livestock at the fairs participate either in 4-H or National FFA Organization (formerly Future Farmers of America) programs around the state, said Astroth, who serves on the Governor's Advisory Committee for the County Fairs Livestock and Agricultural Promotion Fund.

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Policymakers and scientists from all over the world gathered in Washington, D.C., last week for the G-8 International Conference on Open Data for Agriculture.

The conference calls on global leaders to consider agricultural data: how to share it, how to use it, and how it might help address global food security.

Three experts say the conference matters to Arizona, too, because access to data could foster local food security.

Shane Burgess, dean of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Eric Lyons, assistant professor of plant sciences and senior scientific developer of the iPlant Collaborative, were featured on an April 30 episode of "Arizona Illustrated" to discuss the G-8 conference and the ways open data on agriculture can help address world food security challenges. View this episode at the link below.

Visit the White House blog to learn more about iPlant's participation in the G-8 conference.

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Ian Pepper, director of the Environmental Research Laboratory, has been elected into the American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists, as a Board Certified Environmental Scientist (BCES).

The BCES title is awarded to experienced professionals who have demonstrated expertise in one or more areas of specialization (air resources, environmental microbiology, surface water resources, environmental biology, environmental toxicology, sustainability science, environmental chemistry, groundwater and the subsurface environment) and with special capability in environmental science for the public benefit.

Pepper received the award at the 2013 Excellence in Environmental Engineering and Science Awards Luncheon and Conference in Washington, D.C. on April 25.

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