This is a term loosely used to include corms, tubers, tuberous roots, and rhizomes as well as true bulbs. This section of the chapter will refer to all of the above as bulbs. However, a true bulb is a complete or nearly complete miniature of a plant encased in fleshy modified leaves called scales which contain reserves of food. Corms are the base of a stem that becomes swollen and solid with nutrients. It has no fleshy scales. The tuber, which is an underground stem that stores food, differs from the true bulb or corm in that it has no covering of dry leaves and no basal plant from which the roots grow. Usually short, fat and rounded, it has a knobby surface with growth buds, or eyes, from which the shoots of the new plant emerge. Tuberous roots are the only ones from this group that are real roots; their food supply is kept in root tissue, not in stem or leaf tissue as in other bulbs. Rhizomes, which are sometimes called rootstocks, are thickened stems that grow horizontally, weaving their way along or below the surface of the soil and at intervals sending stems above ground. Many vegetables are propagated from or produce edible organs of these types (e.g., tuber, Irish potato; tuberous root, sweet potato; rhizome, Jerusalem artichoke; bulb, onion).

Bulbs are broadly grouped into spring-flowering (January-May) and summer-flowering (June-September). Spring bulbs provide early color before most annuals and perennials. One of the most popular spring bulbs is tulip. These are sold by type and variety. Tulips come in all colors except blue. Some of the most common types are:

Breeder:	Bronzed, not clear colors
Cottage:	Late-blooming
Darwin:	Tallest
Lily flowered:	Petals recurve - bell-shaped
Parrot:	Twisted, ruffled petals
Double:	2 or more rows of petals

Narcissus, daffodils, and jonquils are classed by length of corolla in relation to perianth segments. They come in the colors of white, yellow, red, and peach, but not blue. Many have naturalized in places. Hyacinths produce a large single spike of many small, fragrant flowers, and come in a complete color range. Crocus are usually grown for early bloom (in snow). There are no red crocuses.

Selecting quality spring bulbs is very important, because the flower bud has already developed before the bulb is sold. Size is also important; look for plump, firm bulbs. Select on a basis of color, and size for intended purposes; for example, small ones for naturalizing and large ones to stand out as specimen plants. Keep cool (60 to 65º F.) until planting.

The summer-flowering bulbs include amaryllis, tuberous begonia, caladium, day lily, dahlia, gladiolus, lily, and spider lily.

Culture and maintenance of bulbs

Storage. If bulbs are bought before planting time, keep them in a cool, dry place. A temperature of 60 to 65º F. is cool enough to prevent bulbs from drying out until time for planting. Temperatures higher than 70º F. will damage the flower inside spring-flowering bulbs. Rhizomes, tubers, and tuberous roots are more easily desiccated than bulbs and corms, and should be stored in peat, perlite, or vermiculite.

Site Selection. In selecting a site for planting, consider light, temperature, soil texture, and function. Most bulbs need full sun. Select a planting site that will provide at least 5 to 6 hours of direct sunlight a day. Bulbs left in the ground year after year should have 8 to 10 hours of daily sunlight for good flowering. Bulbs planted in a southern exposure near a building or wall will bloom earlier than bulbs planted in a northern exposure. Adequate drainage is an important consideration. Most bulbs and bulb-like plants will not tolerate poor drainage, and rot easily if planted in wet areas. Function must also be kept in mind. If bulbs are being used to naturalize an area, toss the bulbs then plant them where they fall to create a scattered effect. Spanish squills will do beautifully along with daffodils to achieve a natural effect.

Site Preparation. Good drainage is the most important single factor for successful bulb growing. Bulb beds should be dug when the soil is fairly dry. Wet soil packs tightly and retards plant growth. Spade the soil 8 to 12 inches deep. As you dig, remove large stones and building trash, but turn under all leaves, grass, stems, roots, and anything else that will decay. Add fertilizer and organic matter to the soil. Use 1 pound of 5-10-10 fertilizer for a 5 by 10 foot area, or a small handful for a cluster of bulbs. Place a 1 to 2 inch layer of organic matter over the bed. Thoroughly mix the fertilizer and organic matter with the soil. For individual planting holes, loosen the soil below the depth the bulb is to be planted. Add fertilizer and cover with a layer of soil (bulbs should not contact fertilizers directly). Set bulb upright in planting hole and cover with amended soil. In wet, hot summers, organic fertilizer can retard blooming and promote disease, especially among gladiolus not dormant then.

Time of Planting. Hardy, spring-flowering bulbs are planted in late summer or early fall. Hardy, fall-flowering bulbs, such as colchicum, are planted in August. Tender, summer-flowering bulbs are planted in the spring after danger of frost. Lilies are best planted in late fall.

Depth of Planting. It is best to check correct planting depth for each bulb with a successful local grower or other good local source. Bulb catalog and reference book recommendations for planting may be either too shallow or too deep depending on soil condition. As a general rule of thumb, bulbs should be planted 2 to 3 times the diameter of the bulb in depth. It is important not to plant bulbs too shallow, as this will encourage frost heaving.

Watering. Normal rainfall usually provides enough moisture for bulbs. But during dry weather, water plants at weekly intervals, soaking the ground thoroughly. Be especially careful not to neglect bulbs after blooming.

Mulching. In the winter, mulch bulbs 2 to 4 inches deep with organic material such as straw, pine bark, hay, or ground leaves. Do not use large leaves, as they may mat too tightly on the ground. A winter mulch prevents alternate freezing and thawing, which damages bulbs and plant roots. Apply mulch after cold weather arrives. You may damage the bulbs if you mulch while soil temperature is still high. Remove mulch as soon as danger of severe freezing has passed, in early spring. If mulch is left on the ground after new growth starts, tops of new shoots will be pale green or colorless, and new stems and foliage may be broken.

Fertilizing. After plants bloom, fertilize them lightly with 5-10-10 fertilizer. Use no more than 1 pound for a 5 by 10 foot bed. Avoid high-nitrogen fertilizer. Be sure to keep fertilizer off the leaves and away from roots; it will burn them. In addition to 5-10-10 fertilizer, you can use bonemeal as an extra source of phosphorus.

Staking. Some tall, heavy-flowered bulbs may require staking. Stake plants when they are emerging, but be careful not to damage the bulb with the stake. For flowers that face one direction, use the stake to orient the face to the front of the bed.

Deadheading. When flowers fade, cut them off to prevent seed formation. Seeds take stored food from the bulbs.

Moving. If leaving bulbs in place for bloom next year, do not cut the leaves after flowering until they start to wither. Green leaves produce food for plant growth next year. After leaves turn yellow, cut and destroy the stems and foliage of the plants. Dead foliage left on the ground may carry disease to new growth the next year. If moving bulbs from one place to another, or if a planting has become crowded and ceased blooming, move only after the foliage has faded. Bulbs dug and moved before foliage fades are useless.

Digging and Storing. Many summer-flowering bulbs should be dug and stored, as they are tender. This is done when the leaves on the plants turn yellow. Use a spading fork to lift the bulbs from the ground. Wash off any soil that clings to the bulbs, except those that are stored in pots or with the soil around them. Spread the washed bulbs in a shaded place to dry. When dry, store them away from sunlight in a cool, dry basement, cellar, garage, or shed at 60 to 65º F. Avoid temperatures below 50 or above 70º F. Be sure that air circulates around stored bulbs. Never store bulbs more than two or three layers deep, as they generate heat and cause decay. Leave the soil on achimenes, begonia, canna, caladium, dahlia, and ismene bulbs. Store these bulbs in clumps on a slightly moistened layer of peat moss or sawdust in a cool place. Rinse, clean, and separate them just before planting.